Axolotl Care Guide - Aquarium Inside (2024)

Introduction

The axolotl, scientifically known as Ambystoma mexicanum, is a captivating aquatic species native to the Xochimilco and Chalco wetlands in Mexico. It is recognized for its unique features and remarkable regenerative abilities. Axolotls possess external gills, giving them a distinctive appearance, and they can regenerate lost body parts, including limbs and even parts of their brain. These extraordinary characteristics have made them a subject of scientific interest and a popular choice among aquarium enthusiasts.

Summary Table

Classification

• Common Name: Axolotl
• Scientific Name: Ambystoma mexicanum
• Family: Ambystomatidae
• Order: Caudata

The axolotl belongs to the family Ambystomatidae within the order Caudata, which encompasses various species of salamanders and newts. Its scientific name, Ambystoma mexicanum, reflects its Mexican origin and its classification within the Ambystoma genus. The common name “axolotl” is widely used to refer to this unique amphibian species.

Natural Habitat & Distribution

The axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, is native to the Xochimilco and Chalco wetlands in Mexico. Its geographical range is limited to these specific regions.

In the wild, axolotls inhabit various aquatic environments within their native wetland habitats. They can be found in shallow lakes, ponds, canals, and slow-moving rivers. These habitats are characterized by muddy or sandy bottoms with dense vegetation, including water lilies, reeds, and submerged plants. Axolotls are primarily found in freshwater habitats, although they can tolerate brackish water conditions to some extent.

The aquatic nature of their habitat is crucial for axolotls, as they rely on water for their survival and reproduction. The presence of vegetation provides hiding spots and helps maintain water quality by regulating oxygen levels and filtration.

It is important to note that due to the critical conservation status of axolotls in the wild, efforts are being made to protect their native habitats and promote conservation initiatives to ensure their long-term survival.

Physical Appearance

Size

Axolotls reach an average adult size of about 9-12 inches (23-30 cm) in length. However, some individuals can grow even larger under optimal conditions.

Coloration and Patterns

Axolotls exhibit a wide range of colors and patterns, including shades of brown, gray, black, and albino variations. They can have speckles, spots, or marbled patterns on their skin. The coloration can vary greatly among individuals, and it can change or intensify as they mature or in response to environmental factors.

Body Shape and Fin Structures

Axolotls have a streamlined and elongated body shape, which is ideal for their aquatic lifestyle. They possess a flattened head, small eyes, and a wide mouth. One of their most recognizable features is the presence of external gills, which appear as feathery-like structures on the sides of their heads. These gills enable them to extract oxygen from the water.

They also have four limbs, each ending with delicate digits. The limbs are relatively short and end in dexterous hands with small fingers. Their hind limbs are more robust and can be used for swimming, while the front limbs are primarily used for manipulating objects and food.

Sexual Dimorphism

Sexual dimorphism in axolotls is not easily distinguishable based on external characteristics alone. However, there are subtle differences between males and females. Males generally have a thicker and longer tail, while females tend to have a broader body shape. Additionally, during the breeding season, males may develop a swollen cloaca, which is the opening for the reproductive and excretory systems.

To accurately determine the sex of an axolotl, it is often necessary to examine their reproductive organs through a process known as internal examination or through DNA testing.

The diverse coloration, unique external gills, and subtle differences between males and females contribute to the distinctive and captivating physical appearance of axolotls.

Behavior & Temperament

General Behavior

Axolotls are generally peaceful and non-aggressive creatures. They spend most of their time in a calm and slow-paced manner, exploring their environment and searching for food. They are not known to be territorial and can be kept in groups or as solitary individuals, depending on the tank size and compatibility of tankmates.

Social Interactions with Other Fish

Axolotls are primarily solitary animals in the wild, and they do not exhibit typical schooling behavior. While they can tolerate the presence of other axolotls, they do not necessarily form social bonds or engage in intricate social interactions.

Suitable Tankmates

When selecting tankmates for axolotls, it is important to consider their peaceful nature and specific care requirements. Generally, suitable tankmates for axolotls include peaceful fish species that are similar in size and have compatible water parameter needs. Some examples of suitable tankmates for axolotls include:

• Peaceful species of fish, such as small to medium-sized tetras (e.g., neon tetras, ember tetras), guppies, or mollies.
• Bottom-dwelling fish like Corydoras catfish or Bristlenose plecos.
• Non-aggressive, small to medium-sized freshwater shrimp, such as Cherry shrimp or Amano shrimp.

It is crucial to avoid keeping axolotls with species that may nip at their external gills, fins, or show aggressive behavior. Aggressive or fin-nipping fish, such as cichlids or some species of barbs, should be avoided as tankmates for axolotls.

Before introducing any tankmates, it is recommended to carefully research the specific needs and compatibility of the chosen fish species to ensure a harmonious and stress-free environment for all inhabitants of the aquarium. Regular monitoring of interactions and providing ample hiding spots and open space is important to create a suitable community tank for axolotls and their tankmates.

Aquarium Requirements

Minimum Tank Size

For a single axolotl, a minimum tank size of 20 gallons (75 liters) is recommended. However, providing a larger tank is always beneficial, as it offers more swimming space and allows for the addition of suitable tankmates if desired.

Water Parameters

Maintaining appropriate water parameters is crucial for the health and well-being of axolotls. The ideal water temperature for axolotls ranges from 60°F to 68°F (15°C to 20°C). The pH level should be maintained between 6.5 and 7.5, and the water hardness should be moderate.

Filtration and Aeration Needs

A reliable filtration system is essential to maintain good water quality in the axolotl’s aquarium. A filter that provides both mechanical and biological filtration, such as a sponge filter or canister filter, is recommended. Additionally, gentle water movement and aeration help oxygenate the water and ensure a healthy environment for the axolotls.

Substrate Preferences

Axolotls are best kept on a substrate that is smooth and non-abrasive to prevent any injury to their delicate skin. Fine sand, smooth gravel, or bare-bottom tanks are suitable options. It is important to avoid rough or sharp substrates that could potentially cause harm to the axolotls.

Lighting Requirements

Axolotls do not have specific lighting requirements, and they do not require intense or bright lighting. Providing a low to moderate level of ambient lighting is sufficient. Axolotls are primarily nocturnal and prefer dimly lit environments, so it is advisable to avoid overly bright or direct lighting.

Decorations and Hiding Places

Axolotls appreciate having ample hiding places and decorations in their tank. Providing caves, PVC pipes, or driftwood creates hiding spots where axolotls can retreat and feel secure. Live or artificial plants can be added, but it is important to choose non-toxic options and ensure they do not have sharp edges that could harm the axolotls.

It is worth noting that axolotls are not skilled swimmers, so it is recommended to keep the water depth relatively shallow, with no more than the axolotl’s body length. This helps prevent any stress or fatigue from excessive swimming.

Diet & Feeding

Type of Diet

Axolotls are primarily carnivorous, and their natural diet consists of various small invertebrates, including worms, insects, and small fish. They have a voracious appetite and are skilled predators in the wild.

In captivity, axolotls can be fed a diet that includes a combination of live or frozen foods. Suitable food options for axolotls include bloodworms, blackworms, brine shrimp, daphnia, small earthworms, and high-quality sinking pellets or granules specifically formulated for aquatic amphibians.

Feeding Frequency

Axolotls should be fed 2-3 times per week, adjusting the amount based on their appetite and growth. Overfeeding should be avoided, as it can lead to obesity and water quality issues. It is important to monitor the axolotl’s condition and adjust the feeding frequency and portion sizes accordingly.

Tips for Providing a Balanced and Varied Diet

To ensure a balanced and varied diet for axolotls, consider the following tips:

1. Offer a variety of live or frozen foods: Provide a rotation of different food items to mimic their natural diet and prevent nutritional deficiencies. This can include a combination of bloodworms, blackworms, brine shrimp, and daphnia.
2. Supplement with high-quality sinking pellets: High-quality axolotl-specific pellets or granules can be included in their diet to provide additional nutrition and ensure a balanced diet.
3. Gut-load live foods: If feeding live foods, consider gut-loading them by feeding them nutritious foods before offering them to the axolotls. This enhances the nutritional value of the prey items.
4. Calcium supplementation: Axolotls require adequate calcium for healthy bone development. Calcium supplements can be provided by dusting their food with a calcium powder formulated for amphibians.
5. Avoid feeding large prey items: Prey items should be appropriately sized to prevent any risk of choking or digestive issues. The food items should be smaller than the axolotl’s head width to ensure safe ingestion.

Remember to observe the axolotl’s feeding behavior and adjust the feeding routine as necessary. Providing a varied and balanced diet promotes their overall health and helps maintain their natural behaviors in captivity.

Tank Mates

When considering tank mates for axolotls, it’s essential to select species that are compatible with their unique needs and behaviors. Here are some guidelines to help create a harmonious community tank:

Compatible Species

• Peaceful, small to medium-sized fish: Species like tetras (e.g., neon tetras, ember tetras), guppies, mollies, and small catfish (such as Corydoras) can coexist peacefully with axolotls. Make sure the fish are not aggressive and do not have a tendency to nip at the axolotl’s external gills or fins.
• Non-aggressive bottom-dwelling fish: Bottom-dwelling fish, like Corydoras catfish or Bristlenose plecos, can be suitable tank mates for axolotls. They occupy different areas of the tank, reducing competition and potential conflicts.
• Freshwater shrimp: Small, peaceful freshwater shrimp species, such as Cherry shrimp or Amano shrimp, can often coexist with axolotls. However, keep in mind that axolotls might see shrimp as potential prey, so providing ample hiding places for the shrimp is crucial.

Incompatible or Potentially Problematic Species

• Aggressive or fin-nipping fish: Avoid keeping aggressive fish species, such as cichlids or some barbs, with axolotls. These fish may stress or harm the axolotls, damaging their delicate gills or fins.
• Large or predatory fish: Axolotls are vulnerable to larger or predatory fish that may view them as prey. Avoid species known for aggressive or predatory behavior, such as larger cichlids, aggressive pufferfish, or large catfish.
• Species with specific water parameter requirements: Axolotls prefer cooler water temperatures, while some tropical fish require warmer conditions. It’s crucial to choose tank mates that have similar water parameter preferences to ensure the well-being of all inhabitants.

Recommendations for Creating a Harmonious Community Tank

• Monitor interactions: Regularly observe the tank mates to ensure compatibility. If any signs of aggression or stress are observed, it may be necessary to separate the axolotl or other tank mates.
• Provide ample hiding places: Create a well-decorated tank with hiding spots and plants. This allows both the axolotls and tank mates to retreat and establish territories, reducing potential conflicts.
• Consider tank size and space: Provide a spacious tank with plenty of swimming and hiding areas to accommodate the needs of all tank inhabitants. Overcrowding can lead to stress and aggression.
• Careful introduction: When introducing new tank mates, do so gradually and monitor their interactions closely. This helps reduce the risk of sudden aggression or stress.

Breeding

Breeding axolotls can be a fascinating endeavor. Here are some key points to consider regarding their breeding behavior, ideal conditions, and caring for the fry (offspring):

Breeding Behavior

Axolotls are neotenic, meaning they retain their larval characteristics throughout their life. They reach sexual maturity while still in their aquatic larval form. Breeding behavior in axolotls is triggered by specific environmental conditions and can be induced through cooling and hormone treatments.

During courtship, males may display courtship dances and deposit spermatophores on the substrate. Females pick up the spermatophores with their cloacas to fertilize their eggs internally. Once fertilized, the females lay individual eggs or attach them to plants or tank decor.

Ideal Breeding Conditions

To encourage successful breeding, consider the following conditions:

1. Cooling period: Axolotls require a cooling period to induce breeding. Lowering the water temperature gradually to around 60°F (15°C) over several weeks can simulate the onset of winter, triggering their breeding behavior.
2. Suitable tank setup: Provide ample hiding spots, plants, and smooth surfaces for egg attachment. A separate breeding tank or a dedicated section within the main tank can be prepared with appropriate conditions.
3. Water quality and parameters: Maintain excellent water quality during the breeding process. Regular water changes and adequate filtration are crucial. Ensure the water temperature remains within the desired range, typically between 60°F and 68°F (15°C to 20°C).
4. Separation of male and female: During the cooling period, it is recommended to separate the males and females to prevent premature breeding and potential stress.

Raising Fry and Specific Care Requirements

After successful breeding, the female axolotl will lay eggs, and the eggs will develop into fry. To care for the fry:

1. Separate the eggs: Move the eggs carefully to a separate rearing tank to protect them from potential predation by adult axolotls or other tank mates.
2. Provide suitable conditions: Maintain appropriate water parameters, including temperature, pH, and water quality, to support the development of the fry.
3. Feed the fry: Initially, the fry will feed on their yolk sacs. As they grow, introduce suitable-sized live foods such as baby brine shrimp, microworms, or finely crushed high-quality commercial fry food.
4. Provide hiding spots: Include fine-leaved plants or other structures in the rearing tank to offer hiding places for the fry.
5. Regular maintenance: Perform regular water changes and monitor water quality parameters to ensure a healthy environment for the fry’s growth and development.
6. Separate individual fry if necessary: If the fry exhibit cannibalistic behavior or size discrepancies, it may be necessary to separate them into individual containers or tanks to prevent harm.

Health & Disease

Axolotls are generally hardy creatures, but they can be susceptible to certain diseases and health issues. Here are some common diseases, their symptoms, and strategies for prevention and treatment:

Common Diseases and Their Symptoms

1. Fungal Infections: Fungal infections can manifest as cottony growth or white patches on the axolotl’s skin, fins, or gills. Infected areas may appear fuzzy or have a slimy texture.
2. Bacterial Infections: Bacterial infections can cause symptoms such as redness, ulcers, lesions, or swelling on the axolotl’s body. In severe cases, fin rot or tail rot may occur, leading to deterioration of the affected areas.
3. Parasitic Infestations: Parasites like Ichthyophthirius (Ich) or anchor worms can infest axolotls, causing symptoms such as white spots, excessive scratching, rubbing against objects, or visible parasites on the body.
4. Stress-Related Issues: Stress can weaken the axolotl’s immune system, making them more susceptible to various health problems. Stress-related issues may include loss of appetite, lethargy, abnormal behavior, or reduced growth.

Prevention and Treatment Strategies

1. Maintain Excellent Water Quality: Regularly monitor and maintain appropriate water parameters, including temperature, pH, and ammonia levels. Perform regular water changes and ensure proper filtration to minimize stress and prevent disease.
2. Quarantine New Additions: When introducing new axolotls or tank mates, quarantine them in a separate tank for a few weeks to observe for any signs of disease. This helps prevent the spread of potential pathogens to the existing population.
3. Provide a Clean Environment: Keep the tank clean by removing uneaten food, debris, and waste. Regularly clean and disinfect tank equipment to prevent the buildup of harmful bacteria or parasites.
4. Avoid Abrasive Substrates: Use a smooth and non-abrasive substrate to prevent injuries to the axolotl’s delicate skin, which can make them more susceptible to infections.
5. Monitor Behavior and Health: Regularly observe the axolotls for any changes in behavior, appetite, or physical appearance. Early detection of symptoms allows for prompt treatment.
6. Consult a Veterinarian: If you suspect your axolotl is unwell or if symptoms persist, it is advisable to seek guidance from a veterinarian experienced in amphibian care. They can provide appropriate diagnosis and recommend suitable treatment options, including medications or baths.

Remember, prevention is key to maintaining the health of axolotls. By providing a clean and stress-free environment, monitoring their well-being, and promptly addressing any signs of disease, you can help keep your axolotls healthy and thriving.

Care Level

The care level for axolotls is generally considered to be intermediate. While they are hardy creatures, they do have specific care requirements that may require some experience and knowledge to meet. Here are some special considerations and requirements for their care:

Special Considerations or Requirements

1. Water Temperature: Axolotls require cooler water temperatures ranging from 60°F to 68°F (15°C to 20°C). Keeping the water within this range is essential for their well-being and proper physiological functioning.
2. Water Quality: Axolotls are sensitive to poor water quality, so maintaining excellent water parameters is crucial. Regular water changes, adequate filtration, and monitoring ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate levels are important to ensure a clean and healthy environment.
3. Hiding Places: Axolotls need ample hiding spots to feel secure and reduce stress. Providing caves, PVC pipes, or other suitable structures as hiding places is necessary for their well-being.
4. Appropriate Tank Size: Axolotls require sufficient space to swim and explore. A minimum tank size of 20 gallons (75 liters) for a single axolotl is recommended. Providing a larger tank allows for more swimming space and the potential addition of suitable tank mates.
5. Feeding Considerations: Axolotls are carnivorous and require a diet that includes live or frozen foods, such as bloodworms, blackworms, brine shrimp, and high-quality sinking pellets. Meeting their nutritional needs and maintaining a balanced diet is important for their overall health.
6. Delicate Skin and Substrate: Axolotls have delicate skin that can be easily damaged. It is essential to provide a smooth and non-abrasive substrate, such as fine sand or smooth gravel, to prevent injuries.
7. Monitoring Behavior and Health: Regular observation of axolotls’ behavior, appetite, and physical condition is crucial for early detection of any potential health issues. Prompt action can be taken if any abnormalities are noticed.

Conservation Status

The axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) is listed as “Critically Endangered” on the IUCN Red List. The species faces significant threats and population decline primarily due to habitat loss, pollution, and the introduction of non-native species. Axolotls are endemic to the Xochimilco and Chalco wetlands in Mexico, which have experienced extensive urbanization and water pollution over the years.

Conservation efforts are ongoing to preserve the remaining wild populations of axolotls. These include habitat restoration projects, pollution reduction measures, and captive breeding programs to ensure the species’ survival.

In terms of legal restrictions on keeping axolotls in captivity, regulations may vary depending on the region or country. It is important to familiarize yourself with the specific laws and regulations governing the keeping and trade of axolotls in your area. Some jurisdictions may require permits or have restrictions on the collection, possession, or sale of axolotls to prevent further harm to wild populations.

It is crucial for aquarists and enthusiasts to prioritize responsible practices, including obtaining axolotls from reputable sources and supporting conservation initiatives aimed at preserving the species in their natural habitat.

Additional Information & Fun Facts

Here are some interesting facts and trivia about axolotls:

1. Regenerative Abilities: Axolotls are famous for their remarkable regenerative abilities. They can regenerate lost body parts, including limbs, spinal cord, heart, and even parts of their brain. This makes them a subject of scientific research and a potential source of inspiration for regenerative medicine.
2. Neotenic Features: Axolotls exhibit neoteny, meaning they retain their larval characteristics throughout their lives. They do not undergo metamorphosis into a terrestrial adult form, allowing them to remain aquatic and maintain their external gills.
3. Ambassador of Mexico: Axolotls are considered a national treasure of Mexico and have become an iconic symbol of the country’s biodiversity and scientific significance.
4. Axolotl in Mythology: In Aztec mythology, axolotls were associated with the god Xolotl, who was believed to have transformed into an axolotl to escape his enemies. Axolotls were considered sacred and associated with transformation and rebirth.
5. Albino Axolotls: Albino axolotls, with their pinkish hue and red eyes, are among the most popular color variations in captivity. Their unique appearance has captivated many hobbyists and breeders.
6. Axolotls as Pets: Axolotls have gained popularity as pets due to their unique features and low-maintenance care requirements. They can be kept in aquariums and provide an intriguing and captivating display with their behaviors and regenerative abilities.